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A/Prof. Matteo Vergani

STAFF PROFILE

Position

Associate Professor

Faculty

Faculty of Arts and Education

Department

School of Hum & Social Science

Campus

Melbourne Burwood Campus

Biography

I am an Associate Professor at Deakin University, leading research at the intersection of online and real-world hateful behaviours, from micro-aggressions to hate crime and extremist violence. Utilising interdisciplinary approaches and innovative methodologies, my work is centred on developing new measurement tools and building cumulative and comparative knowledge through systematic reviews and rigorous empirical research. I engage in regular collaboration with national and international institutions such as the Australian Human Rights Commission, Victorian Equal Opportunities and Human Rights Commissions, NSW and Victorian Governments, Public Safety Canada, and the Australian Department of Home Affairs, focusing on issues of extremism and hate. I have experience in conducting impact evaluations of projects aimed at mitigating online hate, hate crime, and violent extremism.

Read more on Matteo's profile

Research interests

I am interested in exploring the spectrum of hate-driven behaviours, from daily micro-aggressions to terrorism and genocide. My research primarily focuses on hate against various groups such as religious, ethnic, racial, LGBTIQ+, and disabled communities, employing interdisciplinary approaches to develop new measurement tools and expand knowledge through systematic reviews and empirical research.

Publications

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2024

Parallel lives or active citizens? Examining the interplay between multicultural service provision and civic engagement in Australia

F Mansouri, M Vergani, E Weng

(2024), pp. 1-21, Journal of Sociology, London, Eng., C1

journal article
2023

I won't listen if I think we're losing our way: How right-wing authoritarianism affects the response to different anti-prejudice messages

A Bouguettaya, M Vergani, C Sainsbury, A Bliuc

(2023), Vol. 18, pp. e0280557-, PloS one, United States, C1

journal article

Measuring the Potential for Hateful Behaviours: Development and Validation of the Hate Behaviours Scale (HBS)

M Vergani, T Diallo, K O’Brien

(2023), pp. 1-18, Terrorism & Political Violence, London, Eng., C1

journal article

Asian Australian's Experiences and Reporting of Racism During the COVID-19 Pandemic

A Kamp, R Sharples, M Vergani, N Denson

(2023), pp. 1-21, Journal of Intercultural Studies, London, Eng., C1

journal article
2022

Conclusion: The Way Forward

Samantha Kruber, Yenny Wahid, Matteo Vergani, Greg Barton

(2022), pp. 295-308, Countering violent and hateful extremism in Indonesia : Islam, gender and civil society, Berlin, Germany, B1

book chapter

Disengagement, Deradicalisation, and Rehabilitation

Greg Barton, Matteo Vergani

(2022), pp. 63-82, Countering Violent and Hateful Extremism in Indonesia: Islam, Gender and Civil Society, Berlin, Germany, B1

book chapter

Introduction

Greg Barton, Matteo Vergani, Yenny Wahid

(2022), pp. 3-28, Countering violent and hateful extremism in Indonesia : Islam, gender and civil society, Singapore, B1

book chapter

Racist and Anti-diversity Attitudes as Predictors of Support for Political Violence among Supporters of Mainstream Political Parties

Matteo Vergani, Thierno Diallo, Fethi Mansouri, Kevin Dunn, Rachel Sharples, Yin Paradies, Amanuel Elias

(2022), pp. 1-21, Terrorism and Political Violence, London, Eng., C1

journal article

PROTOCOL: Mapping the scientific knowledge and approaches to defining and measuring hate crime, hate speech, and hate incidents

Matteo Vergani, Barbara Perry, Joshua Freilich, Steven Chermak, Ryan Scrivens, Rouven Link

(2022), Vol. 18, pp. 1-16, The Campbell Collaboration Library of Systematic Reviews, Chichester, Eng., C1

journal article

Terrorism concern and persistence of negative attitudes towards Islam and Muslims

Matteo Vergani, Fethi Mansouri, Liliana Orellana

(2022), pp. 1-18, Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, Chichester, Eng., C1

journal article

The effectiveness of ethno-specific and mainstream health services: an evidence gap map

Matteo Vergani, Fethi Mansouri, Enqi Weng, Praveena Rajkobal

(2022), Vol. 22, pp. 1-10, BMC Health Services Research, London, Eng., C1

journal article

Hate Speech in a Telegram Conspiracy Channel During the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic

M Vergani, A Martinez Arranz, R Scrivens, L Orellana

(2022), Vol. 8, pp. 1-14, Social Media and Society, London, Eng., C1

journal article

The Holocaust Knowledge and Awareness in Australia Survey

Steven Cooke, Donna-Lee Frieze, Andrew Singleton, Matteo Vergani

(2022), Geelong, Vic., A6

research report/technical paper

Asian Australians' Experiences of Racism during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Policy Evidence Summary

Alanna Kamp, Nida Denson, Rosalie Atie, Kevin Dunn, Rachel Sharples, Matteo Vergani, Jessica Walton, Susan Sisko

(2022), Melbourne, Vic., A6

research report/technical paper

Defining and identifying hate motives: bias indicators for the Australian context

Matteo Vergani, Angelique Stefanopoulos, Alexandra Lee, Haily Tran, Imogen Richards, Dan Goodhardt, Greg Barton

(2022), Geelong, Vic., A6

research report/technical paper
2021

Examining the Relationship Between Alienation and Radicalization into Violent Extremism

Matteo Vergani, Muhammad Iqbal, Kerry O'Brien, Peter Lentini, Greg Barton

(2021), pp. 115-138, Islam and Security in the West, London, Eng., B1

book chapter

Understanding Violent Extremism in Indonesia

Matteo Vergani, Greg Barton, Yenny Wahid

(2021), pp. 29-62, New Security Challenges, Singapore, B1

book chapter

Capacity Gap Analysis of Civil Society Organisations Working Against Violent Extremism in Indonesia and South East Asia

Dan Goodhardt, Matteo Vergani, Greg Barton, Samantha Kruber

(2021), pp. 279-294, New Security Challenges, Singapore, B1

book chapter

Comparing Different Sources of Data to Examine Trends of Hate Crime in Absence of Official Registers

M Vergani, C Navarro, J Freilich, S Chermak

(2021), Vol. 46, pp. 445-460, American Journal of Criminal Justice, C1

journal article

Bonding Social Capital, Afghan Refugees, and Early Access to Employment

M Vergani, I Yilmaz, G Barton, J Barry, G Bashirov, S Barton

(2021), Vol. 55, pp. 1152-1168, International Migration Review, C1

journal article

Political philosophy and Australian far-right media: A critical discourse analysis of The Unshackled and XYZ

I Richards, M Rae, M Vergani, C Jones

(2021), Vol. 163, pp. 103-130, Thesis Eleven, C1

journal article

Hate Crime Reporting: The Relationship Between Types of Barriers and Perceived Severity

M Vergani, C Navarro

(2021), European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, C1

journal article

Santri with attitude: support for terrorism and negative attitudes to non-Muslims among Indonesian observant Muslims

G Barton, M Vergani, Y Wahid

(2021), Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, C1

journal article

When and How Does Anti-Semitism Occur? the Different Trigger Mechanisms Associated with Different Types of Criminal and Non-Criminal Hate Incidents

M Vergani, D Goodhardt, R Link, A Adamczyk, J Freilich, S Chermak

(2021), Deviant Behavior, C1

journal article

'Any prediction is better than none'? A study of the perceptions of fire behaviour analysis users in Australia

T Neale, M Vergani, C Begg, M Kilinc, M Wouters, S Harris

(2021), Vol. 30, pp. 946-953, International Journal of Wildland Fire, Melbourne, Vic., C1

journal article

A Conceptual Framework to Map Responses to Hate Crime, Hate Incidents and Hate Speech: The Case of Australia

M Vergani, R Link

(2021), Social Policy and Society, C1

journal article

Community-centered P/CVE Research in Southeast Asia: Opportunities and Challenges

Matteo Vergani

(2021), pp. 1-18, Researching Violent Extremism Series, Washington, D.C, A6

research report/technical paper

Countering Islamophobia in the Victorian population

Kevin Dunn, Rachel Sharples, Fethi Mansouri, Yin Paradies, Matteo Vergani, Craig McGarty, Amanuel Elias

(2021), Vol. 2, pp. 1-10, CRIS issues papers, Geelong, Vic., A6

research report/technical paper

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on delivery of services to CALD communities in Australia

Enqi Weng, Fethi Mansouri, Matteo Vergani

(2021), Geelong, Vic., A6

research report/technical paper

Asian Australians' experiences of racism during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Alanna Kamp, Nida Denson, Rosalie Atie, Kevin Dunn, Rachel Sharples, Matteo Vergani, Jessica Walton, Susan Sisko

(2021), Geelong, Vic., A6

research report/technical paper

Submission to Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security

Michele Grossman, Mark Duckworth, Greg Barton, Vivian Gerrand, Matteo Vergani, Mario Peucker, Hass Dellal, Jacob Davey

(2021), Melbourne, Vic., A6

research report/technical paper

Countering Violent and Hateful Extremism in Indonesia: Islam, Gender and Civil Society

Greg Barton, Matteo Vergani, Yenny Wahid

(2021), Singapore, A7

edited book
2020

The three Ps of radicalization: push, pull and personal. A systematic scoping review of the scientific evidence about radicalization into violent extremism

M Vergani, M Iqbal, E Ilbahar, G Barton

(2020), Vol. 43, pp. 854-885, Studies in conflict and terrorism, Abingdon, Eng., C1

journal article

The effects of local socio-political events on group cohesion in online far-right communities

A Bliuc, J Betts, N Faulkner, M Vergani, R Chow, M Iqbal, D Best

(2020), Vol. 15, PLoS ONE, United States, C1

journal article

Tackling Hate in Australia: Stocktake Report 2019-2020

Matteo Vergani, Rouven Link

(2020), Geelong, Vic., A6

research report/technical paper

Barriers to reporting hate crime and hate incidents in Victoria: A mixed-methods study

Matteo Vergani, C Navarro

(2020), Geelong, Vic., A6

research report/technical paper
2019

Does the awareness of mortality shape people's openness to violence and conflict? An examination of terror management theory

M Vergani, K O'Brien, P Lentini, G Barton

(2019), Vol. 40, pp. 111-124, Political psychology, Chichester, Eng., C1

journal article

Collective identity changes in far-right online communities: The role of offline intergroup conflict

A Bliuc, J Betts, M Vergani, M Iqbal, K Dunn

(2019), Vol. 21, pp. 1770-1786, New Media and Society, London, Eng., C1

journal article

United in diversity, divided in adversity? Support for right-wing eurosceptic parties in the face of threat differs across nations

M Vergani, A Bliuc, A Stuart, C Badea, D Muntele, C McGarty

(2019), Vol. 10, Frontiers in Psychology, Switzerland, C1

journal article
2018

How is terrorism changing us?: Threat perception and political attitudes in the age of terror

M Vergani

(2018), Singapore, A1

book

Alcohol consumption, masculinity, and alcohol-related violence and anti-social behaviour in sportspeople

K O'Brien, W Forrest, I Greenlees, D Rhind, S Jowett, I Pinsky, A Espelt, M Bosque-Prous, A Sonderlund, M Vergani, M Iqbal

(2018), Vol. 21, pp. 335-441, Journal of science and medicine in sport, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, C1

journal article

Intercultural contact, knowledge of Islam, and prejudice against muslims in Australia

F Mansouri, M Vergani

(2018), Vol. 66, pp. 85-94, International journal of intercultural relations, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, C1

journal article

The language of new terrorism: differences in psychological dimensions of communication in Dabiq and Inspire

M Vergani, Ana-Maria Bliuc

(2018), Vol. 37, pp. 523-540, Journal of language and social psychology, London, Eng., C1

journal article

Women's agency and the building of social capital, cohesion and resilience in the new Afghanistan Community in Geelong, Victoria

S Barton, I Yilmaz, F Bezhan, G Barton, J Barry, M Vergani

(2018), Burwood, Vic., A6

research report/technical paper

Digital me, digital us: curious, critical & creative pilot project evaluation report

C Beavis, L Pangrazio, Michelle Grossman, A Keddie, T Cinque, M Vergani, C Eveley, V Trundle, C Speldewinde

(2018), [Melbourne, Vic.], A6

research report/technical paper
2017

Examining islamic religiosity and civic engagement in Melbourne

M Vergani, A Johns, M Lobo, F Mansouri

(2017), Vol. 53, pp. 63-78, Journal of Sociology, C1

journal article

Beyond social relationships: investigating positive and negative attitudes towards violent protest within the same social movement

M Vergani, G Barton, M Iqbal

(2017), Vol. 53, pp. 445-460, Journal of sociology, London, Eng., C1

journal article

Islamophobia Register Data 2014-2016

D Iner

(2017), Sydney, N.S.W., A6

research report/technical paper
2016

Risk and benefit perceptions: Resistance, adoption and uses of ICT among the Italian elderly

S Carlo, M Vergani

(2016), Vol. 9754, pp. 155-166, Human aspects of IT for the aged population. Design for aging, New York, N.Y., B1

book chapter

When Catholics turn right: the effects of the Islamic terrorism threat on the fragmented Catholic Italian voters

M Vergani, E Tacchi

(2016), Vol. 42, pp. 1885-1903, Journal of ethnic and migration studies, London, Eng., C1

journal article

Death reminders increase agreement with extremist views but not violent extremist action in Indonesian Muslims

M Iqbal, K O Brien, A Bliuc, M Vergani

(2016), Vol. 47, pp. 891-897, Journal of cross-cultural psychology, Thousand Oaks, Calif., C1

journal article
2015

Radical criminals in the grey area: a comparative study of Mexican religious drug cartels and Australian outlaw motorcycle gangs

M Vergani, S Collins

(2015), Vol. 38, pp. 414-432, Studies in conflict & terrorism, Abingdon, Eng., C1-1

journal article

Neojihadist visual politics: comparing YouTube videos of North Caucasus and Uyghur militants

M Vergani, D Zuev

(2015), Vol. 39, pp. 1-22, Asian studies review, Abingdon, Eng., C1-1

journal article
2014

Neojihadism and Muslim-Christian relations in the Mindanao Resistance Movement: a study of Facebook digital narratives

M Vergani

(2014), Vol. 25, pp. 357-372, Islam and Christian–Muslim relations, Abingdon, Eng., C1-1

journal article

Rethinking grassroots campaigners in the digital media: The 'grassroots orchestra' in Italy

M Vergani

(2014), Vol. 49, pp. 237-251, Australian journal of political science, Abingdon, Eng., C1-1

journal article

Neo- jihadist prosumers and Al Qaeda single narrative: the case study of Giuliano Delnevo

M Vergani

(2014), Vol. 37, pp. 604-617, Studies in conflict & terrorism, Abingdon, Eng., C1-1

journal article

Local political subcultures and party activism in Italy: The case of the Democratic Party

M Vergani

(2014), Vol. 20, pp. 381-390, Party politics, London, Eng., C1-1

journal article
2013

Production of solidarities in YouTube: a visual study of Uyghur nationalism

M Vergani, D Zuev,

(2013), pp. 83-107, Sociology of the visual sphere, Abingdon, Eng., B1-1

book chapter
2011

Analysis of YouTube videos used by activists in the Uyghur nationalist movement: combining quantitative and qualitative methods

M Vergani, D Zuev

(2011), Vol. 20, pp. 205-229, Journal of contemporary China, Abingdon, Eng., C1-1

journal article

Are party activists potential opinion leaders?

M Vergani

(2011), Vol. 18, pp. 71-82, Javnost - the public, Abingdon, Eng., C1-1

journal article

Internet e partecipazione politica: uno studio comparato tra V-Day e No B-Day

M Vergani

(2011), Vol. 2, pp. 197-222, Comunicazione politica, Bologna, Italy, C1-1

journal article
2010

Folksonomy nel Web, tra utopia e realtà

M Vergani

(2010), pp. 115-135, Nuovi media e ricerca empirica. I precorsi metodologici degli Internet Studies, Milan, Italy, B1-1

book chapter

Media, participation and the state of democracy

Fausto Colombo, M Vergani

(2010), pp. 123-136, Media and communication studies interventions and intersections: the intellectual work of the 2010 ECREA European Media and Communication Doctoral Summer School, Tartu, Estonia, B1-1

book chapter

Precari per sempre? Nuove forme di comunicazione per nuove lotte

Giovanna Mascheroni, M Vergani

(2010), Vol. 3, pp. 52-64, Historia magistra, Milan, Italy, C1-1

journal article
2009

YouTube e civic commercial engagement. Il caso Obama Girl e Barely Political

M Vergani

(2009), Vol. 40, pp. 131-144, Sociologia della comunicazione, Milan, Italy, C1-1

journal article

Funded Projects at Deakin

Australian Competitive Grants

Mapping Social Services Provision for Diverse Communities

Prof Fethi Mansouri, A/Prof Matteo Vergani, Joumanah El Matrah

ARC Linkage - Projects

  • 2022: $140,345
  • 2021: $132,920
  • 2020: $128,811

Other Public Sector Funding

Evaluation of Creating Change and Enhance projects

A/Prof Matteo Vergani

City of Greater Dandenong

  • 2016: $6,818

Understanding Contemporary Terrorism & Developing Policy Responses

Prof Greg Barton, A/Prof Matteo Vergani, Prof Michele Grossman AM

DFAT Tender - Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade

  • 2018: $188,491
  • 2017: $69,712

SEAN-CSO on countering violent extremism - 17/11076-03

A/Prof Matteo Vergani, Prof Greg Barton

Department of Home Affairs

  • 2018: $165,041
  • 2017: $18,181

Preventing violent extremism and building youth cohesion through creative production of grassroots online counter-narratives: a pilot intervention and impact evaluation

A/Prof Matteo Vergani, Dr Vanessa Barolsky

Department of Premier and Cabinet Vic

  • 2019: $21,906
  • 2018: $51,906

Development and delivery of the Digital Literacy and Digital Citizenship Pilot Program

Prof Catherine Beavis, Prof Michele Grossman AM, Prof Amanda Keddie, A/Prof Toija Cinque, Dr Luci Pangrazio, A/Prof Matteo Vergani

Department of Premier and Cabinet Vic

  • 2018: $166,889

Centre for Resilient and Inclusive Societies (CRIS)

Prof Michele Grossman AM, Prof Fethi Mansouri, Prof Shahram Akbarzadeh, Prof Anita Harris, Dr Vanessa Barolsky, Prof Greg Barton, Dr Amanuel Elias, A/Prof Anna Halafoff, Dr Vivian Gerrand, Prof Amanda Keddie, Prof Yin Paradies, A/Prof Matteo Vergani, Dr Jessica Walton, Prof Chad Whelan, Dr Ana-Maria Bliuc, Dr Philippa Collin, Dr Hass Dellal, Dr Nida Denson, Prof Kevin Dunn, Dr Liam Magee, Dr Liam McGarty, A/Prof Amanda Third, Dr Michael Ungar, Dr Sherene Idriss

Department of Premier and Cabinet Vic

  • 2019: $1,824,753
  • 2018: $1,065,362

Research and Relationships Partner for the South East Asian Network of Civil Society Organisations.

Prof Greg Barton, A/Prof Matteo Vergani

Department of Home Affairs

  • 2019: $146,651
  • 2018: $69,007

GCTF Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) Working Group - Workshop on Gender and P/CVE: the role of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs)

Prof Greg Barton, A/Prof Matteo Vergani

Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade DFAT

  • 2018: $100,000

Mapping Social Services Provision for Diverse Communities

Prof Fethi Mansouri, A/Prof Matteo Vergani, Joumanah El Matrah

Victorian Multicultural Commission

  • 2022: $10,000
  • 2021: $10,000
  • 2020: $10,000

Exploring the missing link between hate and violent extremism: building capacities to collect and share data in Victoria

A/Prof Matteo Vergani, A/Prof Gail Mason, Mr Daniel Goodhardt, Prof Joshua Freilich, Prof Steven Chermak

Department of Justice & Community Safety - Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) Research Grant

  • 2020: $13,605
  • 2019: $63,599

Dissecting lslamophobia: understanding the varied racialisation of Islam using latent class analysis, and what it means for responding

Prof Kevin Dunn, Prof Fethi Mansouri, Craig McGarty, Thierno Diallo, Rachael Sharples, A/Prof Matteo Vergani, Prof Yin Paradies, Dr Amanuel Elias

Department of Justice & Community Safety - Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) Research Grant

  • 2019: $22,000

South East Asian Network of Civil Society Organisations (SEAN-CSO) in 2019 20.

Prof Greg Barton, A/Prof Matteo Vergani

Department of Home Affairs

  • 2020: $241,329
  • 2019: $130,000

Evaluation of AASW and APS Programs.

A/Prof Matteo Vergani, Prof Michele Grossman AM

Queensland Police Service

  • 2020: $144,500

Engagement of a Research and Relationships provider to support activities of the South East Asian Network of Civil Society Organisations (SEAN-CSO) in 2020-21.

Prof Greg Barton, A/Prof Matteo Vergani

Department of Home Affairs

  • 2021: $195,000

SEAN-CSO 2022

Prof Greg Barton, A/Prof Matteo Vergani

Department of Home Affairs

  • 2023: $10,000
  • 2022: $454,545

Compilation and review of information and expertise on existing relevant initiatives and best practice in Australia that respond to concerns about media regulation and standards.

A/Prof Matteo Vergani

Australian Human Rights Commission

  • 2023: $25,000

Industry and Other Funding

Google CVE Effectiveness Audience Research Australia

A/Prof Matteo Vergani

Love Frankie Ltd.

  • 2017: $18,260

Measuring Impacts of Countering Violent Extremism Programs: Implications for Australia

Prof Michele Grossman AM, A/Prof Matteo Vergani

RAND Corporation (Australia) Pty Ltd

  • 2018: $4,200

Investigating the need for current practices around countering/preventing violent extremism and the work of Plan International in the Philippines, Indonesia and Myanmar

A/Prof Anthony Ware, Prof Matthew Clarke, Prof Greg Barton, A/Prof Matteo Vergani

Plan International Australia

  • 2018: $10,000

Mapping Social Services Provision for Diverse Communities

Prof Fethi Mansouri, A/Prof Matteo Vergani, Joumanah El Matrah

Ethnic Communities Council of Victoria

  • 2021: $5,000
  • 2020: $5,000

Systematic review of hate definitions and measurement.

A/Prof Matteo Vergani

Public Safety Canada

  • 2023: $120,385
  • 2022: $150,603
  • 2021: $66,263
  • 2020: $54,997

Measuring impact of online and offline campaign for building resilience and tolerance in tackling South and Southeast Asia conflict

A/Prof Matteo Vergani, Prof Greg Barton

The Asia Foundation

  • 2021: $12,787

The Holocaust Knowledge and Awareness Survey in Australia

A/Prof Steven Cooke, Dr Donna-Lee Frieze, Prof Andrew Singleton, A/Prof Matteo Vergani

Gandel Philanthropy

  • 2021: $119,399

Evaluation of the Black Summer bushfire recovery program extension.

A/Prof Matteo Vergani, A/Prof Andrea Vocino, Prof Greg Barton, A/Prof Timothy Neale

Australian Red Cross Society

  • 2023: $161,159

Other Funding Sources

Centre for Resilient and Inclusive Societies (CRIS)

Prof Michele Grossman AM, Prof Fethi Mansouri, Prof Shahram Akbarzadeh, Prof Anita Harris, Dr Vanessa Barolsky, Prof Greg Barton, Dr Amanuel Elias, A/Prof Anna Halafoff, Dr Vivian Gerrand, Prof Amanda Keddie, Prof Yin Paradies, A/Prof Matteo Vergani, Dr Jessica Walton, Prof Chad Whelan, Dr Ana-Maria Bliuc, Dr Philippa Collin, Dr Hass Dellal, Dr Nida Denson, Prof Kevin Dunn, Dr Liam Magee, Dr Liam McGarty, A/Prof Amanda Third, Dr Michael Ungar, Dr Sherene Idriss

Victoria University, Western Sydney University

  • 2023: $152,089
  • 2022: $152,089
  • 2020: $163,325
  • 2019: $112,204

Supervisions

Associate Supervisor
2020

Reem Sweid

Thesis entitled: The Governmentality of ¿Radicalisation¿ and its Discontents: A Critique of the Problematisation of ¿Radicalisation¿ in Australian and UK Policy

Doctor of Philosophy, School of Humanities and Social Sciences