Research interests
Materials chemistry of advanced composites; structure/property/durability relationships in engineering polymers and composites, toughening of composites, self-healing polymers and composites, high temperature resins, processing of thermoplastic composites via ring opening polymerisation; nano-composite and nano-structured materials; computational methods for crosslinked polymers; synthesis and characterisation of novel epoxy resins
Knowledge areas
Materials chemistry of advanced composites: Monomer synthesis and resin development for network polymers, high performance processable thermoplastic composites, self healing materials, toughening of composites, structure/property relationships in engineering and network polymers.
Awards
- AAS/JSPS Research Visits to Japan, Travelling Fellowship, 2014
- Newton-Turner Award for Scientific Excellence at CSIRO, 2012
- Australia-Malaysia Institute, Grant for Science and Technology Exchange to Malaysia, 2012
- CSIRO Medal for Business Excellence, PETRONAS Engagement Team, 2009
- CSIRO-Monash Collaborative Research Support Scheme 2007/2008
- Australian Academy of Science Travelling Fellowship to Europe (University of Padova and the Czech Institute of Macromolecular Sciences), 2005
- CSIRO Chief Executive’s Study Award, 1999
Publications
Phosphorus-based ?-amino acid mimetic for enhanced flame-retardant properties in an epoxy resin
M Stanfield, F Stojcevski, A Hendlmeier, R Varley, J Carrascal, A Osorio, D Eyckens, L Henderson
(2019), Vol. 72, Australian journal of chemistry, Clayton, Vic., C1
Effect of aromatic substitution on the kinetics and properties of epoxy cured tri-phenylether amines
R Varley, B Dao, S Tucker, S Christensen, J Wiggins, T Dingemans, W Vogel, M Marchetti, Z Madzarevic
(2019), Vol. 136, pp. 1-11, Journal of applied polymer science, Chichester, Eng., C1
Sima Kashi, Mandy De Souza, Salwan Al-Assafi, Russell Varley
(2019), Vol. 11, Polymers, Basel, Switzerland, C1
Srinivas Nunna, Maxime Maghe, Rohit Rana, Russell Varley, Daniel Knorr Jr, James Sands, Claudia Creighton, Luke Henderson, Minoo Naebe
(2019), Vol. 12, pp. 1-10, Materials, Basel, Switzerland, C1
Mechanical, thermal, and morphological behavior of silicone rubber during accelerated aging
S Kashi, R Varley, M De Souza, S Al-Assafi, A Di Pietro, C De Lavigne, B Fox
(2018), Vol. 57, pp. 1687-1696, Polymer - plastics technology and engineering, Abingdon, Eng., C1
S Kashi, S Hadigheh, R Varley
(2018), Vol. 10, Polymers, Basel, Switzerland, C1
Life cycle engineering of carbon fibres for lightweight structures
A Dr, A Kaluza, D Kurle, C Herrmann, S Kara, R Varley
(2018), Vol. 69, pp. 43-48, LCE 2018 : Proceedings of the 25th CIRP Life Cycle Engineering Conference, Copenhagen, Denmark, E1
M Joosten, Matt Alizzi, C Wiles, R Varley
(2018), Vol. 5, pp. 2991-3001, ASC 2018 : Proceedings of the 18th US-Japan Conference on Composite Materials & ASTM Committee D30 Meeting, Seattle, Washington, E1
Optimization of carbon fiber surfaces for reinforcement in advanced polymer composites
L Henderson, R Varley, F Stojcevski, J Randall, D Eyckens, B Demir, T Walsh
(2018), Vol. 4, pp. 2492-2498, ASC 2018 : Proceedings of the 33rd Technical Conference of the American Society for Composites, Seattle, Washington, E1
TRI-aromatic ether linked amines cured with bisf epoxy resin
R Varley, B Dao, S Tucker, S Christensen, J Wiggins, T Dingemans, W Vogel, M Marchetti
(2017), pp. 1-10, CAMX 2017 : Combined strength unsurpassed innovation : Proceedings of the Composites and Advanced Materials Expo, Orlando, Fla., E1
M Samsudin, M Dell'Olio, K Leong, Z Ahamid, R Varley
(2016), Vol. 99, pp. 157-165, Progress in organic coatings, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, C1
Polymer coatings for oilfield pipelines
R Varley, K Leong
(2016), Vol. 233, pp. 385-428, Springer Series in Materials Science, B1-1
K Pingkarawat, C Dell'Olio, R Varley, A Mouritz
(2016), Vol. 92, pp. 153-163, Polymer, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, C1
C Dell'Olio, S Leonard, B Dao, R Varley, K Pingkarawat
(2015), Vol. 50, pp. 8073-8088, Journal of materials science, New York, N.Y., C1-1
K Pingkarawat, C Dell'Olio, R Varley, A Mouritz
(2015), Vol. 78, pp. 201-210, Composites Part A: applied science and manufacturing, Doetinchem, The Netherlands, C1-1
C Dell'Olio, Q Yuan, R Varley
(2015), Vol. 300, pp. 70-79, Macromolecular materials and engineering, Weinheim, Germany, C1-1
Mechanical properties of mendable composites containing self-healing thermoplastic agents
K Pingkarawat, C Wang, R Varley, A Mouritz
(2014), Vol. 65, pp. 10-18, Composites part A: applied science and manufacturing, Kidlington, Eng., C1-1
Synthesis and characterisation of new sulphur-containing epoxy networks
W Vogel, T Dingemans, R Varley, W Tian, B Dao, S Tucker, S Christensen
(2014), Vol. 26, pp. 420-435, High performance polymers, London, Eng., C1-1
Healing of fatigue delamination cracks in carbon-epoxy composite using mendable polymer stitching
K Pingkarawat, C Wang, R Varley, A Mouritz
(2014), Vol. 25, pp. 75-86, Journal of intelligent material systems and structures, London, Eng., C1-1
Low-molecular-weight thermoplastic modifiers as effective healing agents in mendable epoxy networks
R Varley, B Dao, C Pillsbury, S Kalista, F Jones
(2014), Vol. 25, pp. 107-117, Journal of intelligent material systems and structures, London, Eng., C1-1
Special topic issue on self-healing materials: preface
I Bond, R Trask, R Varley
(2014), Vol. 25, pp. 3-3, Journal of intelligent material systems and structures, London, Eng., C1-1
S Khor, R Varley, S Shen, Q Yuan
(2013), Vol. 128, pp. 3743-3750, Journal of applied polymer science, London, Eng., C1-1
R Varley, M Dell'Olio, Q Yuan, S Khor, K Leong, S Bateman
(2013), Vol. 128, pp. 619-627, Journal of applied polymer science, London, Eng., C1-1
R Varley, D Craze, A Mouritz, C Wang
(2013), Vol. 298, pp. 1232-1242, Macromolecular materials and engineering, Weinheim, Germany, C1-1
Healing of carbon fibre-epoxy composites using thermoplastic additives
K Pingkarawat, T Bhat, D Craze, C Wang, R Varley, A Mouritz
(2013), Vol. 4, pp. 5007-5015, Polymer chemistry, Cambridge, Eng., C1-1
Effect of ionic content on ballistic self-healing in EMAA copolymers and ionomers
S Kalista, J Pflug, R Varley
(2013), Vol. 4, pp. 4910-4926, Polymer Chemistry, United Kingdom, C1-1
K Pingkarawat, C Wang, R Varley, A Mouritz
(2013), Vol. 50, pp. 22-30, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, United Kingdom, C1-1
The effect of surface treatments on the mechanical properties of basalt-reinforced epoxy composites
R Varley, W Tian, K Leong, A Leong, F Fredo, M Quaresimin
(2013), Vol. 34, pp. 320-329, Polymer Composites, United States, C1-1
Low molecular weight thermoplastic modifiers as effective healing agents in mendable epoxy networks
B Dao, R Varley, C Pillsbury, S Kalista, F Jones
(2012), Vol. 2, pp. 1380-1385, 8th Asian-Australasian Conference on Composite Materials 2012, ACCM 2012 - Composites: Enabling Tomorrow's Industry Today, E1-1
Healing mechanisms in thermoplastic modified epoxy/amine networks
R Varley, D Craze, A Mouritz, C Wang
(2012), Vol. 2, pp. 1331-1336, 8th Asian-Australasian Conference on Composite Materials 2012, ACCM 2012 - Composites: Enabling Tomorrow's Industry Today, E1-1
Healing of mendable polymer composite by ultrasonic vibration
C Wang, K Hargou, K Pingkarawat, A Mouritz, R Varley
(2012), Vol. 2, pp. 1386-1394, 8th Asian-Australasian Conference on Composite Materials 2012, ACCM 2012 - Composites: Enabling Tomorrow's Industry Today, E1-1
Delamination toughening of carbon-epoxy laminate with a polyethylene-co-methacrylic acid (EMAA) self-healing modifier
K Pingkarawat, A Mouritz, C Wang, R Varley
(2012), Vol. 3, pp. 1926-1936, 28th Congress of the International Council of the Aeronautical Sciences 2012, ICAS 2012, E1-1
Phosphorus intercalation of halloysite nanotubes for enhanced fire properties of polyamide 6
D Marney, W Yang, L Russell, S Shen, T Nguyen, Q Yuan, R Varley, S Li
(2012), Vol. 23, pp. 1564-1571, Polymers for Advanced Technologies, United Kingdom, C1-1
K Pingkarawat, C Wang, R Varley, A Mouritz
(2012), Vol. 47, pp. 4449-4456, Journal of Materials Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, C1-1
K Pingkarawat, C Wang, R Varley, A Mouritz
(2012), Vol. 43, pp. 1301-1307, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, United Kingdom, C1-1
emaa as a healing agent for mendable high temperature epoxy amine thermosets
R Varley, F Charve
(2012), Vol. 43, pp. 1073-1080, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, C1-1
Confirmation of the healing mechanism in a mendable EMAA-epoxy resin
S Meure, R Varley, D Wu, S Mayo, K Nairn, S Furman
(2012), Vol. 48, pp. 524-531, European Polymer Journal, United Kingdom, C1-1
thermally activated healing in a mendable resin using a non woven emaa fabric
R Varley, G Parn
(2012), Vol. 72, pp. 453-460, Composites Science and Technology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, C1-1
The effect of cluster plasticisation on the self healing behaviour of ionomers
R Varley, S Shen, S van der Zwaag
(2010), Vol. 51, pp. 679-686, Polymer, United Kingdom, C1-1
Designing green, self-healing coatings for metal protection
A Hughes, I Cole, T Muster, R Varley
(2010), Vol. 2, pp. 143-151, NPG Asia Materials, Japan, C1-1
L Graham, S Danon, G Johnson, C Braybrook, N Hart, R Varley, M Evans, G McFarland, M Tyler, J Werkmeister, J Ramshaw
(2010), Vol. 93, pp. 429-441, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, United States, C1-1
Autonomous damage initiated healing in a thermo-responsive ionomer
R Varley, S van der Zwaag
(2010), Vol. 59, pp. 1031-1038, Polymer International, Chichester, Eng., C1-1
Moisture induced crack filling in barrier coatings containing montmorillonite as an expandable phase
F Miccich, H Fischer, R Varley, S van der Zwaag
(2008), Vol. 202, pp. 3346-3353, Surface and coatings technology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, C1-1
R Varley, S van der Zwaag
(2008), Vol. 27, pp. 11-19, Polymer testing, London, Eng., C1-1
Understanding the effect of nano-modifier addition upon the properties of fibre reinforced laminates
M Quaresimin, R Varley
(2008), Vol. 68, pp. 718-726, Composites science and technology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, C1-1
Preparation and characterisation of polyamide-polyimide organoclay nanocomposites
R Varley, A Groth, K Leong
(2008), Vol. 57, pp. 618-625, Polymer international, West Sussex, United Kingdom, C1-1
The role of nanodispersion on the fire performance of organoclay-polyamide nanocomposites
R Varley, A Groth, K Leong
(2008), Vol. 68, pp. 2882-2891, Composites science and technology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, C1-1
R Varley, S van der Zwaag
(2008), Vol. 56, pp. 5737-5750, Acta materialia, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, C1-1
W Liu, R Varley, G Simon
(2007), Vol. 48, pp. 2345-2354, Polymer, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, C1-1
K Dean, J Krstina, W Tian, R Varley
(2007), Vol. 292, pp. 415-427, Macromolecular materials and engineering, London, Eng., C1-1
Reaction kinetics and phase transformations during cure of a thermoplastic-modified epoxy thermoset
R Varley
(2007), Vol. 292, pp. 46-61, Macromolecular materials and engineering, London, Eng., C1-1
W Liu, R Varley, G Simon
(2006), Vol. 47, pp. 2091-2098, Polymer, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, C1-1
Investigation of the reaction mechanism of different epoxy resins using a phosphorus-based hardener
R Varley, W Liu, G Simon
(2006), Vol. 99, pp. 3288-3299, Journal of applied polymer science, London, Eng., C1-1
M DeCarli, K Kozielski, W Tian, R Varley
(2005), Vol. 65, pp. 2156-2166, Composites science and technology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, C1-1
Processing and chemorheology of epoxy resins and their blends with dendritic hyperbranched polymers
D Ratna, R Varley, G Simon
(2004), Vol. 92, pp. 1604-1610, Journal of applied polymer science, Chichester, Eng., C1-1
M Hussain, R Varley, Z Mathys, Y Cheng, G Simon
(2004), Vol. 91, pp. 1233-1253, Journal of applied polymer science, Chichester, Eng., C1-1
W Liu, R Varley, G Simon
(2004), Vol. 92, pp. 2093-2100, Journal of applied polymer science, Chichester, Eng., C1-1
Influence of substituents on the kinetics of epoxy/aromatic diamine resin systems
H Liu, A Uhlherr, R Varley, M Bannister
(2004), Vol. 42, pp. 3143-3156, Journal of polymer science: part A: polymer chemistry, Chichester, Eng., C1-1
Thermal stability and water uptake of high performance epoxy layered silicate nanocomposites
O Becker, R Varley, G Simon
(2004), Vol. 40, pp. 187-195, European polymer journal, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, C1-1
Toughening of epoxy resin systems using low-viscosity additives
R Varley
(2004), Vol. 53, pp. 78-84, Polymer international, Chichester, Eng., C1-1
Toughening of an epoxy anhydride resin system using an epoxidized hyperbranched polymer
R Varley, W Tian
(2004), Vol. 53, pp. 69-77, Polymer international, Chichester, Eng., C1-1
Nanocomposites based on a combination of epoxy resin, hyperbranched epoxy and a layered silicate
D Ratna, O Becker, R Krishnamurthy, G Simon, R Varley
(2003), Vol. 44, pp. 7449-7457, Polymer, London, Eng., C1-1
Thermal and mechanical characterisation of intercalated epoxy nanocomposites
O Becker, G Simon, R Varley, Y Cheng, J Hodgkin
(2003), Vol. 19, pp. 199-217, International journal of materials and product technology, Olney, Eng., C1-1
Clay-reinforced epoxy nanocomposites
D Ratna, N Manoj, R Varley, R Singh Raman, G Simon
(2003), Vol. 52, pp. 1403-1407, Polymer international, Chichester, Eng., C1-1
O Becker, Y-B Cheng, R Varley, G Simon
(2003), Vol. 36, pp. 1616-1625, Macromolecules, Washington, D.C., C1-1
Synthesis, thermal behavior, and cone calorimetry of organophosphorus epoxy materials
M Hussain, R Varley, M Zenka, G Simon
(2003), Vol. 90, pp. 3696-3707, Journal of applied polymer science, Hoboken, N.J., C1-1
Toughening of trifunctional epoxy using an epoxy-functionalized hyperbranched polymer
D Ratna, R Varley, G Simon
(2003), Vol. 89, pp. 2339-2345, Journal of applied polymer science, Hoboken, N.J., C1-1
O Becker, G Simon, R Varley, P Halley
(2003), Vol. 43, pp. 850-862, Polymer engineering and science, Hoboken, N.J., C1-1
Studies on blends of epoxy-functionalized hyperbranched polymer and epoxy resin
D Ratna, R Varley, R Singh Raman, G Simon
(2003), Vol. 38, pp. 147-154, Journal of materials science, Berlin, Germany, C1-1
O Becker, R Varley, G Simon
(2002), Vol. 43, pp. 4365-4373, Polymer, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, C1-1
R Varley, J Hodgkin, G Simon
(2001), Vol. 42, pp. 3847-3858, Polymer, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, C1-1
R Varley, J Hodgkin, D Hawthorne, G Simon, D McCulloch
(2000), Vol. 41, pp. 3425-3436, Polymer, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, C1-1
Toughening of trifunctional epoxy system. V. Structure-property relationships of neat resin
R Varley, J Hodgkin, G Simon
(2000), Vol. 77, pp. 237-248, Journal of applied polymer science, Chichester, Eng., C1-1
Thermoplastic toughening of epoxy resins: a critical review
J Hodgkin, G Simon, R Varley
(1998), Vol. 9, pp. 3-10, Polymers for advanced technologies, New York, N.Y., C1-1
R Varley, J Hodgkin, D Hawthorne, G Simon
(1997), Vol. 35, pp. 153-163, Journal of polymer science part B: polymer physics, Chichester, Eng., C1-1
Effect of reinforcing fibres on the morphology of a toughened epoxy/amine system
R Varley, J Hodgkin
(1997), Vol. 38, pp. 1005-1009, Polymer, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, C1-1
Toughening of a trifunctional epoxy system: 1. Near infra-red spectroscopy study of homopolymer cure
R Varley, G Heath, D Hawthorne, J Hodgkin, G Simon
(1995), Vol. 36, pp. 1347-1355, Polymer, London, Eng., C1-1
Toughening epoxy resins with polyepichlorohydrin
M Jackson, L Edmond, R Varley, P Warden
(1993), Vol. 48, pp. 1259-1269, Journal of applied polymer science, Hoboken, N.J., C1-1
Funded Projects at Deakin
Australian Competitive Grants
A World Class Future Fibre Industry Transformation Research Hub
Prof Xungai Wang, Prof Bronwyn Fox, Prof Tong Lin, A/Prof Joselito Razal, A/Prof Jingliang Li, A/Prof Luke Henderson, Dr Nolene Byrne, Dr Alessandra Sutti, Dr Rangam Rajkhowa, A/Prof Minoo Naebe, Dr Christopher Hurren, Dr Murray Height, Dr Ashley Denmead, Dr Rodney Dilley, Prof Marcus Atlas, Mr Grant Mackintosh, Prof Gregory Rutledge, A/Prof Friedrich Vollrath, Prof David Kaplan, Prof Uwe Pieles, Dr Rudolf Hufenus, A/Prof Jeffrey Wiggins, Dr Ian Blanchonette, Prof Russell Varley, Dr Tony Pierlot, Dr Salwan Al-Assafi, Dr Mandy De Souza, Dr Linda Hillbrick
ARC Industrial Transformation Research Hubs
- 2019: $500,069
- 2018: $982,400
- 2017: $986,915
- 2016: $990,154
- 2015: $1,434,570
Interfacial Design for High Performance Carbon Fibre Polymer Composites
Prof Tiffany Walsh, A/Prof Luke Henderson, Prof Russell Varley
ARC - Discovery Projects
- 2019: $54,379
- 2018: $72,836
High Sound Absorbing Composites from Recycled Cotton DU1901
Prof Russell Varley, Dr Christopher Hurren
CRDC Grant - Research - Cotton Research and Development Corporation
- 2019: $18,775
- 2018: $37,550
Other Public Sector Funding
Development of an Improved Polymer Roller Shell
Prof Russell Varley
- 2018: $26,204
- 2017: $23,796
Structural Maritime Composite Materials with Superior Wide Spectrum Damping - Faujiya Afrose - MyIP 7859
Prof Russell Varley, Dr Mathew Joosten
- 2018: $17,000
Bi-component Wet Spinning of Novel Carbon Fibre Precursors
Prof Russell Varley, Ms Huma Khan, A/Prof Minoo Naebe, Ms Sally Hutchinson, Mrs Jasjeet Kaur
- 2019: $17,000
- 2018: $17,000
Next Generation Prepregs for Advanced Composite Materials.
Prof Russell Varley, Mr Houlei Gan, Ms Jane Zhang
- 2019: $34,000
Development and industralisation of flame retardant epoxy resin for aerospace carbon fiber composites.
Prof Russell Varley, Dr Jerry Gan, Dr Jane Zhang
- 2019: $80,000
Rapid Repair to Support Operational Sustainment: 3D Printed Continuous Fibre Composite Repair
Dr Mathew Joosten, Prof Russell Varley
- 2019: $29,875
Industry and Other Funding
A World Class Future Fibre Industry Transformation Research Hub
Prof Xungai Wang, Prof Bronwyn Fox, Prof Tong Lin, A/Prof Joselito Razal, A/Prof Jingliang Li, A/Prof Luke Henderson, Dr Nolene Byrne, Dr Alessandra Sutti, Dr Rangam Rajkhowa, A/Prof Minoo Naebe, Dr Christopher Hurren, Dr Murray Height, Dr Ashley Denmead, Dr Rodney Dilley, Prof Marcus Atlas, Mr Grant Mackintosh, Prof Gregory Rutledge, A/Prof Friedrich Vollrath, Prof David Kaplan, Prof Uwe Pieles, Dr Rudolf Hufenus, A/Prof Jeffrey Wiggins, Dr Ian Blanchonette, Prof Russell Varley, Dr Tony Pierlot, Dr Salwan Al-Assafi, Dr Mandy De Souza, Dr Linda Hillbrick
- 2019: $450,000
- 2018: $600,000
- 2017: $600,000
- 2016: $450,000
ARC Training Centre in Lightweight Automotive Structures (ATLAS)
Dr Chun Hui Wang, Prof Adrian Mouritz, Stuart Bateman, Dr Mark Easton, Prof Milan Brandt, Martin Leary, Prof Michael Cardew-Hall, Dr Paul Compston, Dr Matthew Doolan, Prof Matthew Barnett, Prof Bernard Rolfe, Dr Matthias Weiss, A/Prof Minoo Naebe, A/Prof Luke Henderson, Mr Richard Taube, Bita Ghaffari, Nia Harrison, Dr Adam Best, Prof Russell Varley, Richard Evans, Henry Wolfkamp, Brian Hughes, Carl De Koning, Richard Axe, Edward Albert, Brian Oxley, Albert Sedlmaier, Prof Anthony Kinloch, Michael Wisnom, Paul Sanders, Marion Merklein
- 2017: $132,087
- 2016: $130,701
Development of an Improved Polymer Roller Shell
Prof Russell Varley
- 2018: $22,540
- 2017: $40,000
Polymer Composite Forming Technology 7.46
Prof Russell Varley, Mr Vishnu Unnikrishnan
- 2018: $2,153
- 2017: $67,478
Optimization of Carbon Fiber Surfaces for Advanced Composites
A/Prof Luke Henderson, Prof Tiffany Walsh, Prof Russell Varley
- 2019: $226,681
- 2018: $197,360
- 2017: $190,546
Self-Healing Materials for Enhanced Integrity and Reliability of Structures and Pipelines.
Prof Russell Varley, A/Prof Luke Henderson, Ms Jane Zhang, Dr Claudia Creighton
- 2019: $45,000
- 2018: $55,000
Achieving Advanced Processes for the Manufacturing of High Value Composites.
Prof Russell Varley, Dr Claudia Creighton, Dr Masihullah Jabarulla Khan
- 2019: $77,446
- 2018: $82,533
Fire Proof Carbon Fibre for Building and Construction Applications.
Prof Russell Varley, A/Prof Luke Henderson
- 2018: $40,000
Next Generation Rebars using an Inorganic Glue for Carbon Fibre Reinforced Geo-polymers.
Prof Russell Varley, Dr Jerry Gan, Dr Masihullah Jabarulla Khan
- 2018: $40,000
Next Generation Prepregs for Advanced Composite Materials.
Prof Russell Varley, Mr Houlei Gan, Ms Jane Zhang
- 2019: $17,000
- 2018: $17,000
Other Funding Sources
3-149 - Improved Design of a Composite Front Seat Back for Higher Production at Lower Cost
Prof Russell Varley, Dr Mandy De Souza, Dr Claudia Creighton
- 2017: $279,017
Supervisions
No completed student supervisions to report