ADRI Working Paper Series

This series of working papers is designed to bring the research of the Institute to as wide an audience as possible and to promote discussion among researchers, academics and practitioners both nationally and internationally on issues of importance.

The working papers are selected with the following criteria in mind: 

  1. To share knowledge, experience and preliminary findings from research projects;
  2. To provide an outlet for research and discussion papers (some of which have a policy focus);
  3. To give ready access to previews of papers destined for publication in academic journals, edited collections, or research monographs; and
  4. To present this work in a form that is scholarly, well written and which has a clear sense of particular purpose and context.

Editor and Coordinator:
Peter Kelly

Editorial Team:
Sharon Crozier-De Rosa
Santosh Jatrana
Samuel Koehne
David Lowe
Mark McGillivray

Working Paper No. 1 The Colombo Plan and 'soft' regionalism in the Asia-Pacific: Australian and New Zealand cultural diplomacy in the 1950s and 1960s

David Lowe, Alfred Deakin Research Institute, Deakin University

Abstract
The Colombo Plan for aid to South and Southeast Asia, launched in 1951 and continuing today in much-diminished form, is regularly invoked in Australia and New Zealand as a pioneering and progressive project through which closer understanding and engagement with Asia was achieved. It is widely acknowledged that the economic value of the Colombo Plan for developing countries may not have been outstanding, but I argue that Colombo Plan information activities bred a new form of public relations in the foreign relations of its member countries. Especially in donor countries such as Australia and New Zealand, it gave rise to public diplomacy that responded partly to competitive impulses relating to overseas images, and partly to the demands of a centralized information bureau and to regional meetings of a consultative committee. In short, Colombo Plan activities fostered a cultural relations or an early 'soft' form of regionalism in the 1950s and 1960s that has been insufficiently understood.
DownloadWorking Paper No. 1 as a pdf (2 MB)

back to top

Working Paper No. 2 Policing ethnic minority groups with procedural justice: an empirical study

Kristina Murphy, Alfred Deakin Research Institute, Deakin University
Adrian Cherney, School of Social Sciences, University of Queensland

Abstract
Public cooperation with police is essential for the effective management of crime and disorder in our society. Understanding factors that shape public cooperation with the police is therefore important. However, Australian and international studies show that police find it difficult to elicit cooperation from ethnic communities, this made difficult by the fact that ethnic groups display low levels of trust and confidence in the police. This study examines the role that procedural justice might play in fostering minority group perceptions of police legitimacy and their willingness to cooperate with police officers. The study uses survey data collected from Australian citizens and tests whether procedurally fair policing can enhance public cooperation among ethnic minority group members. Results indicate that cooperation appears to be mediated by people's perceptions of police legitimacy. The findings have implications for theories of cooperation, as well as for determining how the police can foster better relationships with ethnically diverse communities..
DownloadWorking Paper No. 2 as a pdf (2 MB)

back to top

Working Paper No. 3 'We need one district government to be set up to replace other district governments': The beginnings of provincial government in Papua New Guinea

Jonathan Ritchie, Alfred Deakin Research Institute, Deakin University

Abstract
The contemporary debate in Papua New Guinea (PNG) over forms of regional autonomy and decentralisation has its roots in the period prior to independence in 1975. At that time, the consultative exercise that led to the development of PNG's independence constitution revealed much about the way that Papua New Guineans felt about their relationship with government. At a time when questions are still being raised about the most suitable way for this relationship to be structured, it is salutary to consider how the country's 'founding fathers' envisaged it should appear.
Download Working Paper No. 3 as a pdf (2 MB)

back to top

Working Paper No. 4 'The Australian Tax Survey of Tax Scheme Investors': Survey methodology and preliminary findings for the second stage follow-up survey

Bevan Murphy, Alfred Deakin Research Institute, Deakin University
Kristina Murphy, Alfred Deakin Research Institute, Deakin University

Abstract
In 2002, Kristina Murphy from the Centre for Tax System Integrity at the Australian National University conducted a national survey of 6,000 Australian taxpayers that had invested in tax planning schemes. According to the Australian Taxation Office (ATO) these scheme investments were largely funded through tax deductions, with relatively little private capital being at risk. The ATO therefore believed that these schemes exploited loopholes in the tax law and were designed in such a way to avoid tax. The anti-avoidance provisions of Part IVA of the Income Tax Assessment Act were applied to scheme related investments and action was first taken against investors in 1998 to recover the tax owing. Approximately 57,000 investors were issued with amended assessments telling them that they had to pay back taxes, interest and appropriate penalties.
In 2002, the Investors' Survey was developed to obtain a snapshot of beliefs, attitudes, and motivations held by a national sample of scheme investors. Specifically, investors' views of the ATO and the Australian tax system, and how they perceived the ATO managed the schemes issue, were sought. The survey was also designed to explore why taxpayers invested in tax minimisation schemes and why there was such widespread taxpayer resistance against the ATO's debt recovery procedures (see Murphy & Byng, 2002b for detailed findings).
Download Working Paper No. 4 as a pdf (4 MB)

back to top

Working Paper No. 5 Scaling-up foreign aid: Will the 'Big Push' work?

Simon Feeny, School of Economics, Finance and Marketing, RMIT University
Mark McGillivray, Alfred Deakin Research Institute, Deakin University

Abstract
International donors are substantially scaling up aid. At the same time, they have reservations over how much aid recipient countries can use effectively. Such concerns are supported by the aid effectiveness literature which finds that there are limits to the amounts of aid recipients can efficiently absorb. This paper demonstrates that a 'big push' in foreign aid will not lead to diminishing returns as long as donors get the inter-country allocation of aid right. This is true even if donors provide aid at levels equal to the well known target of 0.7 per cent of their Gross National Income.
Download Working Paper No. 5 as a pdf (2 MB)

back to top

Working Paper No. 6 Policing youth: Can procedural justice nurture youth cooperation with police?

Kristina Murphy, Alfred Deakin Research Institute, Deakin University
Alana Gaylor, School of History, Heritage & Society, Deakin University

Abstract
Public police agencies in Australia and abroad have faced significant challenges in generating voluntary cooperation from youth and have found it particularly difficult to engage youth in collaborative crime control efforts. Understanding factors that shape young people's cooperation with the police is particularly important because young people are more likely to come into contact with police. This study examines the role that procedural justice might play in fostering youth support for police. Using survey data collected from 513 teenagers in Australia, results indicate that cooperation with police is most effectively harnessed when youth view police as legitimate. Police legitimacy in turn appears to be shaped by procedural justice. The findings have implications for determining how the police can foster better relationships with young people.
Download Working Paper No. 6 as a pdf (2 MB)

back to top

Working Paper No. 7 The Anglican church and the Vanuatu independence movement: solidarity and ambiguity

Terry M. Brown, Anglican Church of Melanesia

Abstract
In this paper I shall concentrate on the relation between the Vanuatu independence movement and the Anglican Church in the New Hebrides (first as the archdeaconry of the New Hebrides within the Diocese of Melanesia, then, after 26 January 1975, as the diocese of the New Hebrides in the Church of the Province of Melanesia). However, the issues and questions which I shall raise about the Anglicans apply to all the churches and need to be discussed in relation to them.
Download WorkingPaper No. 7 as a pdf (2 MB)

back to top

Working Paper No. 8 Decolonising the Solomon Islands: British theory and Melanesian practice

Clive Moore, The University of Queensland

Abstract
Until 1951 no Solomon Islander's opinion was ever sought over policy development by the British Solomon Islands Protectorate government. In that year four Solomon Islanders were nominated for the Executive Council and various constitutional reforms were made between 1960 and 1978, slowly preparing the Protectorate for a transfer of power through a unitary state operating under the Westminster system. British policy was guided by previous colonial experiences in Africa, Asia and the Pacific, and to a limited extent by local circumstances, particularly through Constitutional Review Committees. The independence constitution of 1978 was the product of local consultation, precedent from other British dependencies and the advice of constitutional experts. In the light of thirty years since independence and the turbulent 'crisis years' 1998-2003, could the British government have better prepared the nation for independence?
Download Working Paper No. 8 as a pdf (2 MB)

back to top

Working Paper No. 9 Re-framing Polynesian journalism-from Tusitalato liquid modernity

Dr Mark Hayes, School of Journalism and Communication, University of Queensland

Abstract
It would appear that the media, in its journalistic guise and in its watchdog or surveillance roles, is universally accepted as an essential pillar of good governance and democracy. However, as is still occasionally opined in the Pacific, 'democracy is a foreign flower unsuited to Pacific soils' (Fiji Times, 1987). It follows that the journalistic media can be described as 'a foreign weed needing better control'. Periodic contretemps over media freedom and responsibility are a continuing feature of Pacific governance, most extremely and currently in Fiji after the complete military takeover during Easter, 2009. Drawing on continuing, and unique, research into the doing of journalism in an on the tiny Pacific country of Tuvalu, this paper interrogates aspects of the establishment and development of local media and journalism from its traditional roots in 'the coconut wireless', through colonial and post-colonial periods, and into the era of globalization and 'liquid modernity' (after Bauman). Tuvalu, a largely Polynesian country, serves as a vivid site for exploring many aspects of tensions and contradictions in media development and practice across the Pacific on larger scales. A feature of this research is that it combines applicable Western (Palagi) theories of media as a pillar of good governance and re-emerging Pacific epistemologies (summarised by the portmanteau concept of Vaka Vuku) to both critique extant approaches to Pacific media research and practice, and ground a re-framed approach to better understanding and then developing Polynesian journalism.
Download Working Paper No. 9 as a pdf (2 MB)

back to top

Working Paper No. 10 'Taking over, of what and from whom? Women and Independence, the PNG Experience'

Anne Dickson-Waiko, University of Papua Guinea

Abstract
The paper raises questions related to PNG women and independence, as to whether women attained independence in 1975. To what extent did women experience colonialism? Or were they confined to the villages away from 'colonial gaze'? As has been documented elsewhere, colonialism was quintessentially a male enterprise, what in reality were women taking over at independence, male or female jobs vacated by the departing colonials. The colonial state was itself gendered, were Melanesian women expected to step into the private world vacated by departing colonial women? Melanesian women had been excluded from the colonial state legally and socially, at least until the 1960s. The colonial state was constructed by excluding women from public life, thereby excluding them from the colonial state. If political independence meant taking over political leadership of the new state, when did/will women gain independence in 1975 or in 2012? That is if parliament agrees to the submission to create twenty-two reserved seats for women in parliament. What were women's expectations at independence?
Download Working Paper No. 10 as a pdf (2 MB)

back to top

Working Paper No. 11 Risky business: Why the Commonwealth needs to take over gambling regulation.

Linda Hancock School of International and Political Studies, Deakin University
Michael O'Neil, South Australia Centre for Economic Studies

Abstract
This is a policy paper based on an overview of the national and international evidence of the harmful impacts of gambling and a critique of current approaches to gambling governance and regulation in Australia. Gambling is licensed and regulated at state level. State and Territory governments are heavily dependent on gambling taxes, and perhaps unsurprisingly, have shown little interest in implementing appropriate reforms to protect their citizens from gambling-related harms.

After two decades of exponential growth of the gambling industry in Australia, there is wide recognition of gambling-related harms and negative consequences for individuals, families and communities. The Australian Productivity Commission ( PC ) reported on the industry in 1999 and again ten years later, in 2009. They released their draft final report, in October 2009; and their final report on July 23, 2010. While the Productivity Commission's 2010 report presents valuable data on gambling and makes some strident recommendations, it is not clear on the principles and governance system that should underpin a national public health and consumer protection approach to gambling - and its implementation. The Productivity Commission is strong on problem identification but weak on an integrated national regulatory approach to remedying the problems caused by gambling and the actions needed to address State Governments' dependence on gambling taxes. Some of the PC recommendations such as legalising online poker games and exempting online gambling providers from bans on credit card use, lack an adequate evidence base and pose a grave risk to players.

This paper critiques the prevailing addictions/informed choice model, which dominates current government and industry approaches to gambling policy. Constructing 'the problem' in terms of harm minimisation (as in the Productivity Commission's terms of reference), side-steps the key issue of the mounting impact of gambling; and in particular, electronic gaming machines and casinos.

It is argued the Commonwealth needs to lead on an integrated National Action Plan on Gambling, that is squarely based on a risk and prevention strategy with new policies, institutions and financial incentives to the States and Territories. Essentially, the Commonwealth government needs to lead on gambling reregulation.

The proposed National Action Plan for Gambling Governance and Re- Regulation outlined in this report is a whole-of-system public health approach that incorporates as crucial elements: national consumer protection product safety/regulation; national 'license to operate' venue responsibilities; industry obligations (host responsibility and duty of care); national regulatory oversight (data monitoring); independent research (integrity); evidence based policy; and national independent audit/monitoring of policy and venue-level interventions.

A reform agenda to wean the states off their reliance on gambling taxes needs to offer incentives. To fund these new initiatives we propose (i) a revenueneutral reform agenda funded from a new 2 percent 'super-profits tax' on the gambling industry and (ii) establishment of a new National Lottery Commission. In its final report, The Productivity Commission (2010, p. 2) recognises that properly regulated, lotteries are the least harmful form of gambling. In the short term, this fund would then be used to give incentives to the States/Territories (via the Commonwealth Grants Commission) to wind back their dependence on gambling taxes. In the longer term, a National Lottery Fund could finance heritage, parks, and other sustainability and community building initiatives. This paper has been written to inform public debate on a new direction for a national approach to gambling policy and calls on the Commonwealth to take over gambling regulation.
Download Working Paper No. 11 as a pdf (3 MB)

back to top

Working Paper No. 12 'The Fijian Qoliqoli and urban squatting in Fiji: Righting an historical wrong?'

Jenny Bryant-Tokalau

Abstract
The most recent Fiji coup in 2006 was partially carried out as a response by the military commander, Commodore Frank Bainimarama to three pieces of legislation being debated by the then Qarase government. One of those proposed pieces of legislation was the Qoliqoli Act. This Act was intended to ensure that the rights to the seabed, foreshore and indigenous fisheries of Fiji are invested in indigenous land owners. Management would be under a Qoliqoli Commission. This legislation, although now stalled, may well be revived and could be at the root of future disharmony in Fiji, particularly in urban areas.
Download Working Paper No. 12 as a pdf (2 MB)

back to top

Working Paper No. 13 The Australian tax system survey of tax scheme investors': Methodology and preliminary findings for the third follow-up survey

Bevan Murphy, Alfred Deakin Research Institute, Deakin University
Kristina Murphy, Alfred Deakin Research Institute, Deakin University
Malcolm Mearns, Datacol Research Pty Ltd

Abstract
The report summarises the main findings from a longitudinal follow-up survey of Australian taxpayers who had invested in aggressive tax planning scheme during the 1900s. This report represents the findings from the third and final stage of a three-part project. In 2002, the first national survey of 6,000 scheme investors was taxpayers. Specifically, investors' views of the ATO and the Austraian tax system, and how they perceived the ATO managed the schemes issue, were sought.The survey was also designed to explore why taxpayers invested in tax minimisation schemes, why there was such widespread taxpayer resistance against the ATO's debt recovery procedures, and perhaps more importantly, whether the aggressive tax planning market in Australia is supply or demand driven (see Murphy & Byng, 2002a, 2002b for detailed findings). A total of 2301 taxpayers completed the survey. In 2004 a second survey (The Follow-up Survey) was posted to 1,250 respondents of the 2002 Investors' Survey who had indicated that they were interested in participating in any subsequent research. A total of 652 of the taxpayers who completed the first survey in 2002 responded to the second follow-up survey (see Murphy & Murphy, 2010 of detailed findings). In October 2008, a third-wave Final Survey was posted to 1,112 respondents who completed the first survey. The specific purpose of the Final Survey was to extend the findings of the first two surveys and to assess respondents' current feelings when considering the ATO, the tax system and the schemes matter. Of particular interest in the longterm impact that enforcement action can have on the emotional and financial well-being of taxpayers, as well as the long-term impact it has on subsequent tax compliance behaviours. 478 taxpayers who completed the first survey in 2002 completed the third survey; 379 of these repondents had completed all three surveys. This report discusses the methodology and logistics for conducting the Final Survey (Part 1), presents a descriptive analysis of some of the more important findings from the survey (Part 2), provides a detailed description of the scales used to measure a variety of concepts (Part 3), and includes a codebook that details the frequencies, means and standard deviations to each question of the survey (Part 4).
Download Working Paper No. 13 as a pdf (4 MB)

back to top

Working Paper No. 14 How 'responsible' is Crown Casino?: What Crown employees say

Linda Hancock, Alfred Deakin Research Institute, Deakin University

Abstract
Codes of Conduct framed in terms of ‘responsible gambling' have become the central plank of the state's response to community demands for government action on gambling. But how ‘responsible' are Australian casinos on their host responsibility and responsible gambling? As corporate large-scale, licensed premises, operating largely under industry self-regulated Responsible Gambling Codes of Conduct, how well are they regulated on responsible gambling and on their Codes? To whom are the venues responsible for Code implementation? What is meant by ‘responsible gambling'? Who makes sure the regulatory system is effective? In the context of profiling the Australian casino industry (comprising 13 casinos with at least one in each state/territory), this research is based on a case study of the largest casino in Australia – Crown Casino. Crown has been chosen strategically for its claims to international best practice in responsible gambling and formal regulatory requirements that it operate to international benchmarks. ‘Responsible gambling' is taken to encompass host responsibility, 'duty of care' to patrons and employees, and the public safety requirements of a casino. The size, scale and location of Crown Casino, and its central place within the Crown Limited's international casino operations, set an expectation that it would comply with, or exceed, best practice in responsible gambling.

This analysis draws on quantitative and qualitative data from 225 interviews with Crown Casino employees. We report on 'routine practices' related to floor staff (or ‘coal-face') workers' understanding and implementation of the Crown Casino Responsible Gambling Code of Conduct; responsible service of alcohol under Liquor Licence and responsible gambling provisions; staff training; the safety of employees and patrons and some of the likely impacts of Crown Casino on the broader community.

The findings point to a lack of staff awareness of even the limited number of 'signs' of problem gambling included in the Crown Code of Conduct, and a breakdown in enforcement of responsible gambling and responsible service of alcohol within the casino environment. The overall conclusion is one of both Operator and Regulatory failure on responsible gambling, as the shift in legislative purpose from the emphasis on promotion of tourism, economic development and employment to that of responsible gambling (from 2000 under the Bracks/Brumby government) is not reflected in operator or regulator approaches to responsible gambling. This is in large part a reflection of the inherent contradiction between providing gambling opportunities for profit in the context of 'soft' or 'light-touch' regulation of responsible gambling, and indicates the need to address systemic failures in social protection from foreseeable harms.
Download Working Paper No. 14 as a pdf (3 MB)

The full results of this research are now published in Regulatory Failure? The Case of Crown Casino by Linda Hancock: ISBN 9781921875144.

back to top

Working Paper No. 15 Understanding minority group willingness to cooperate with police: Taking another look at legitimacy research

Kristina Murphy, Alfred Deakin Research Institute, Deakin University
Adrian Cherney, School of Social Sciences, University of Queensland

Abstract
Past research has shown that procedural justice generally enhances an authority's legitimacy and encourages people to cooperate and comply with their decisions and rules. However, this past research has examined legitimacy by focussing solely on the perceived legitimacy of authorities and has tended to ignore how people may also perceive the legitimacy of the laws and rules those authorities enforce. Such a distinction has particular relevance to the policing of ethnic minority groups who may come from different cultures or countries where distrust in the law and legal institutions is prevalent. Using survey data collected from a random sample of 1204 Australians, this paper explores both forms of legitimacy and their impact on people's willingness to cooperate with police. Replicating prior research, it will be demonstrated that police legitimacy mediates the effect of procedural justice on people's willingness to cooperate with police.
Importantly, it will be shown that one's perceptions of the legitimacy of the law moderates the impact of procedural justice on people's willingness to cooperate with police, with procedural justice promoting cooperation more effectively for those who question the legitimacy of the law. Interestingly, this effect is further moderated by ethnicity. The findings will be explained using Braithwaite's (2003) social distancing framework.
Download Working Paper No. 15 as a pdf (2 MB)

back to top

Working Paper No. 16 'The 2007 public safety and security in Australia survey': survey methodology and preliminary findings

Kristina Murphy, Alfred Deakin Research Institute, Deakin University
Bevan Murphy, Alfred Deakin Research Institute, Deakin University
Malcolm Mearns, Datacol Research Pty Ltd

Abstract
In 2007, researchers from The Australian National University and Deakin University conducted a survey about Australians' views of policing in Australia, as well as perceptions of safety and security. A total of 5700 Australian citizens were asked to participate, and completed surveys were received from 2120 citizens from across the country. Specific issues of interest to the researchers were: (a) levels of satisfaction with existing police services; (b) perceptions of police responsiveness to community concerns; (c) police effectiveness at dealing with crime; (d) perceptions of fair treatment by police; (e) citizens' fear of crime; and (f ) safety concerns/problems. This report discusses the methodology and logistics for conducting the survey (Part 1), presents a descriptive analysis of some of the more important findings from the survey (Part 2), provides a detailed description of the scales used to measure a variety of concepts (Part 3), and includes a codebook that details the frequencies, means and standard deviations to each question of the survey (Part 4).
Download Working Paper No. 16 as a pdf (3 MB)

back to top

Working Paper No. 17 'The 2009 crime, safety and policing in Australia survey': survey methodology and preliminary findings

Kristina Murphy, Alfred Deakin Research Institute, Deakin University
Bevan Murphy, Alfred Deakin Research Institute, Deakin University
Malcolm Mearns, Datacol Research Pty Ltd

Abstract
In 2007, researchers from both Deakin University and The Australian National University conducted a survey about Australians' views of policing in Australia, as well as perceptions of safety and security in their neighbourhood. A total of 5700 Australian citizens were asked to participate, and completed surveys were received from 2120 citizens from across the country. Specific issues of interest to the researchers were: (a) levels of satisfaction with existing police services; (b) perceptions of police responsiveness to community concerns; (c) police effectiveness at dealing with crime; (d) perceptions of fair treatment by police; (e) citizens' fear of crime; and (f ) safety concerns/problems.

In 2009, Deakin University conducted a follow-up panel survey of those people who had completed the first survey in 2007. Funded by the Australian Research Council (Grant No. DP0987792), the 2-year follow-up survey aimed to examine whether attitudes and experiences of crime and policing had changed over the two year intervening period. This report discusses the methodology and logistics for conducting the follow-up survey (Part 1), presents a descriptive analysis of some of the more important findings from the 2009 survey (Part 2), provides a detailed description of the scales used to measure a variety of concepts (Part 3), and includes a codebook that details the frequencies, means and standard deviations to each question of the survey (Part 4).
Download Working Paper No. 17 as a pdf (3 MB)

back to top

Working Paper No. 18 'A Social Science of Risk: The Trap of Empiricism, the Problem of Ambivalence?'

Peter Kelly, Alfred Deakin Research Institute, Deakin University

Abstract
In this paper I draw on work from my forthcoming book (The Self as Enterprise: Foucault and the Spirit of 21st Century Capitalism, Gower/Ashgate [2012]) to engage with a number of theoretical and conceptual concerns for a social science of risk.

Are risk, individualisation, the choice biography, for example, concepts just to be empirically validated? In testing, validating these ideas/concepts what is data? What is evidence? The trap of empiricism suggests that the world awaits our calculation, our measurement, rather than being something that is enacted in/through the knowledge practices that we put to work/in to play at different times, for particular purposes.

I explore the ways in which irony, ambivalence and ambiguity structure,differently, our experience of choice and risk; and the ways in which irony,ambivalence and ambiguity might frame discussions of choice, freedom, the DIY biography, the self as enterprise, risk:

The paper, via an example drawn from the literature on/debates about Work-Life Balance (WLB), explores the character of the always limited fields of possibility, labour markets for example, in which we practise our freedom. These fields are both/always individualised and normalised, and compel us to make choices and carry responsibilities for the consequences of these choices. In this sense, drawing on the work of Zygmunt Bauman, I argue that the individual – the self as enterprise – is the site/space in which the paradoxes and risks of a globalised 21st century capitalism are to be reconciled and managed - or not. This work presents particular challenges for a social science of risk.
Download Working Paper No. 18 as a pdf (2 MB)

back to top

Working Paper No. 19 'Social Enterprise: Challenges and Opportunities'

Perri Campbell, Alfred Deakin Research Institute, Deakin University
Peter Kelly, Alfred Deakin Research Institute, Deakin University
Lyn Harrison, School of Education, Deakin University

Abstract
This paper comes from the initial work of a three year Australian Research Council Linkage Scheme project. The project is a partnership/collaboration between researchers at Deakin University and Mission Australia and focuses on the work of Mission Australia’s social enterprise based, Transitional Labour Market Program (TLMP) for marginalised Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal young people in its high-end restaurant Charcoal Lane in Melbourne (Australia). The project that has two distinct, but intimately related parts: (Part A) an action research project; and (Part B) a longitudinal, qualitative project. These two parts will explore the following key research questions/objectives:

Part A
1    What are the important organisational processes and practices in determining the possibilities for sustainable social enterprise based TLMPs?

2    What processes, relations and practices facilitate (or hinder) knowledge transfers about social enterprise and TLMPs within the organisation and between other policy, commercial, training and third sector organisations?

Part B
3    What factors influence marginalised young people’s experiences and outcomes (successful or otherwise) in this social enterprise TLMP?

4    What effect does completion of the training demands of this TLMP have on the transitions of marginalised young people into full time employment?

The paper outlines and discusses the problems associated with defining social enterprise, and outlines the ways in which governments and third sector organisations have looked to social enterprises as a means to address a variety of social issues. The paper concludes with a discussion of the various challenges and opportunities for the conduct of social enterprises, and for the wider issue of how social enterprise can address wider structural issues in, for example, labour markets.
Download Working Paper No. 19 as a pdf (2 MB)

back to top

Working Paper No. 20 Old Wine, New Bloggers: Public Diplomacy, India and Australia

David Lowe, Alfred Deakin Research Institute, Deakin University

Abstract
Public Diplomacy –defined for the purposes of this discussion in terms of the ways in which state and non-state actors structure activities aimed at understanding cultures, attitudes and behaviour; building and managing relationships; and influencing opinions and actions to advance interests and values - is a hot topic, not only for governments adjusting to a world of super-charged communications and staggeringly fast responses to actions/ideas, but also for academics. Of all the various forms or ‘takes’ on diplomacy, it is public diplomacy that is currently attracting the most attention.

The paper addresses a number of questions including whether history is active in expressions of Public Diplomacy (PD), and whether a historical perspective is helpful in PD. Are ideas about ‘core values’, foundational stories or even master narratives workable for popular consumption? Are they desirable? The paper suggests that these are important questions to ask because in the great nation-branding industry that has sprung up recently reputations are hard-won and also slow to change, an observation which necessarily invites historical sensibility.
Download Working Paper No. 20 as a pdf (2 MB)

 

back to top

Working Paper No. 21 Composite Indices: Rank Robustness, Statistical Association and Redundancy

James E. Forster, George Washington University and University of Oxford
Mark McGillivray, Alfred Deakin Research Institute, Deakin University and University of Oxford
Suman Seth, University of Oxford

Abstract
This paper evaluates the robustness of rankings obtained from composite indices that combine information from two or more components via a weighted sum. It examines the empirical prevalence of robust comparisons using the method proposed by Foster, McGillivray and Seth (2010). Indices examined are the Human Development Index, the Index of Economic Freedom and the Environmental Performance Index. Key theoretical results demonstrate links between the prevalence of robust comparisons, Kendall’s tau rank correlation coefficient, and statistical association across components. Implications for redundancy among index components are also examined.
Download Working Paper No. 21 as a pdf (2 MB)

back to top

Working Paper No. 22 Historians as Expert Witnesses: How do Holocaust Perpetrator Trials Shape Histography?

Mathew Turner, Alfred Deakin Research Institute, Deakin University

Abstract
Historians acting as expert witnesses in Holocaust perpetrator trials conduct important research that forms the basis of knowledge on key aspects of the Holocaust. For several decades this work has shaped historiographical debate on the subject. This paper explores the question of how historians’ trial experiences impact on the transition of their expert witness reports into academic publications. The current state of
research on the subject of historians as expert witnesses is established, key questions presented and possible case studies considered. This paper identifies several influential academic works that were developed from
expert witness reports, and suggests a link between their development and the historians’ trial experiences.
Download Working Paper No. 22 as a pdf (2 MB)

back to top

Working Paper No. 23 The Irving-Lipstadt Libel Trial: Historians as Expert Witnesses and the Shaping of Post-Trial Publications

Mathew Turner, Alfred Deakin Research Institute, Deakin University

Abstract
This paper seeks to consider the impact of historians’ experiences asexpert witnesses in court trials on the transition of their written expert witness reports into academic publications. The vehicle for this exploration is the David Irving libel trial of 2000, in which Irving sued historian Deborah Lipstadt for libel. In her defence, Lipstadt employed historians as expert witnesses to provide support for her case. Three of these historians – Richard Evans, Robert Jan Van Pelt and Peter Longerich – transformed their expert witness reports from the Irving trial into academic works. This paper considers the value of these three publications in assessing the effect of the trial on their development, and selects Longerich’s book, The Unwritten Order, for detailed examination. Key examples demonstrate a clear link between Longerich’s role as an expert witness and the evolution of his reports into book form. Drawing on these findings, this paper suggests, more broadly, that historians’ trial experiences can influence the transformation of expert witness reports into academic publications.
Download Working Paper No. 23 as a pdf (2 MB)

back to top

Working Paper No. 24 Transitional Labour Market Programs: Challenges and Opportunities

Perri Campbell, Alfred Deakin Research Institute, Deakin University
Peter Kelly, Alfred Deakin Research Institute, Deakin University
Lyn Harrison, School of Education, Deakin University

Abstract
This working paper emerges at the beginning of a three (3) year Australian Research Council Linkage Scheme project. The project is a partnership/collaboration between researchers at Deakin University and Mission Australia. In July 2009 Mission Australia (MA), a national community service organisation, opened the high end restaurant Charcoal Lane in Gertrude St, Fitzroy (Melbourne), as a social enterprise based Transitional Labour Market Program (TLMP) for marginalised, unemployed Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal young people. This social enterprise, established in partnership with the Victorian Aboriginal Heath Service (VAHS), aims to celebrate Aboriginal food and culture, provide training for unemployed young people, and be sustained as a profitable social enterprise.

The project has two distinct, but intimately related parts: (Part A) an action research project; and (Part B) a longitudinal, qualitative project. These two parts will explore the following key research questions/objectives:

Part A   
1     What are the important organisational processes and practices in determining the possibilities for sustainable social enterprise based TLMPs?
2     What processes, relations and practices facilitate (or hinder) knowledge transfers about social enterprise and TLMPs within the organisation and between other policy, commercial, training and third sector organisations?

Part B   
3     What factors influence marginalised young people’s experiences and outcomes(successful or otherwise) in this social enterprise TLMP? 
4     What effect does completion of the training demands of this TLMP have on the transitions of marginalised young people into full time employment?

In this paper we identify and discuss some of the defining characteristics of transitional labour market programs and examine the various forms they take. In the first section – Working in Jamie’s Kitchen: Salvation, Passion and Young Workers - we outline a number of key themes from earlier work conducted by Peter Kelly and Lyn Harrison which explored the Fifteen Foundation’s TLMP given wide publicity in the reality TV series Jamie’s Kitchen and Jamie’s Kitchen Australia.

In a section titled Youth Labour Markets in Industrialised Economies we discuss the implications and consequences for marginalised young people living and working in increasingly globalised and precarious labour markets. We follow this – in a section called Transitional Labour Market Programs: What are they? – with a discussion of the characteristics of TLMPs and the research and evaluation undertaken on these programs.

The ways in which various levels of government and Third Sector Organisations (TSOs) have established complex relationships and partnerships in the design, delivery and regulation of TLMs is discussed in a section titled Transitional Labour Market Programs: Productive Relationships Between the State and the Third Sector? We conclude the main part of this paper - Transitional Labour Market Programs: Possibilities and Limitations - with a discussion of the ways in which the research and evaluation of TLMPs has identified a number of limitations and possibilities in the scope, conduct and regulation of these programs

In this conclusion we suggest that the activities of TSOs in the conduct of TLMPs appear to offer limited numbers of young people the chance to develop new forms of self understanding and knowledge as they seek to participate in globalised and precarious labour markets. The larger challenge, and not necessarily one that various TSOs should be judged on, is to move beyond, or imagine how we might move beyond, limited forms of self transformation for limited numbers of young people.

The paper contains two additional sections:

Appendix A provides a brief description of a number of TLMPs conducted by Australian TSOs.
Appendix B presents an account of a number of TLMPs in Ireland, France and the US.
Download Working Paper No. 24 as a pdf (2 MB)

back to top

Working Paper No. 25 American liberalism and capitalism from William Jennings Bryan to Barack Obama

Geoff Robinson, Alfred Deakin Research Institute, Deakin University

Abstract
American capitalism has generated remarkable prosperity. However problems of opportunism and bounded rationality have meant that American capitalism has also generated economic crises, unpopular levels of inequality and subordinated workers and small producers to employers and national markets in contradiction to American ideals of republican independence. American liberals have sought the support of those aggrieved by the process of capitalist development but to secure an electoral majority they have had to offer citizens a plausible program for economic growth and thus to support capitalism. ‘Corporate liberalism’ has been the result. Each generation of liberals has offered solutions to the problems of bounded rationality and opportunism from Progressive antitrust to Bill Clinton’s pursuit of Microsoft. Each generation of capitalists has also offered solutions to the problems of bounded rationality and opportunism from the giant corporations of the late nineteenth-century to the financialized capitalism of recent years. Liberalism and capitalism have informed and shaped each other. Each rapprochement between capitalism and liberalism has broken down amidst economic crisis and political realignment. The economic crisis that commenced in 2007 may presage a political realignment comparable to that of the 1890s or 1930s.
Download Working Paper No. 25 as a pdf (2 MB)

back to top

Working Paper No. 26 'Peaceful and Secure': Reading Nazi Germany through Reason and Emotion

Samuel Koehne, Alfred Deakin Research Institute, Deakin University

Abstract
Drawing on Hitler’s own description of his early membership in the Nazi Party, this paper argues for the usefulness of ‘reason’ and ‘emotion’ as conceptual tools in understanding how ‘ordinary’ Germans responded to the rise of Nazi Germany. Using specific case-studies of existing religious communities, it focuses on delineating methods of connection to the new state out of the complexity of the ‘experience’ of 1933. These groups form particularly useful examples given they held their own local and regional loyalties, as well as holding loyalties to the nation, their faith and the community of their faith. The paper concludes that the ‘new Germany’ (the Nazi state) was supported on the basis of what were seen as ‘rational’ grounds, but that the stronger attraction was the abstract and emotional connection of the local nation, whereby the supposed cohesive national community was represented at a local level as united, ‘peaceful and secure.’
Download Working Paper No. 26 as a pdf (2 MB)

back to top

Deakin University acknowledges the traditional land owners of present campus sites.

16th December 2011