Referencing using Vancouver style

About this resource
Referencing and avoiding plagiarism
Vancouver style
Part 1: In-text citations
Part 2: Reference list
Useful resources

About this resource

The Vancouver style of referencing is commonly used in biomedical science and biochemistry. You may need to use this style of referencing if you are undertaking specific units offered by the School of Life and Environmental Sciences in the Faculty of Science and Technology at Deakin. It may also be used for certain units offered by the School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences and the School of Health and Social Development, which are in the Faculty of Health, Medicine, Nursing and Behavioural Sciences.

The Vancouver style of referencing is so named because it was first published by the Vancouver Group, which expanded and evolved into the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICJME).

ICJME produces and updates their guidelines for publication, which are known as the Uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals. These guidelines were last updated in February 2006 and are available on the ICJME web site. For referencing formats consistent with the Uniform requirements, users are directed to the sample reference list in the Vancouver style, which is available on the web site of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM). The Vancouver style is largely based on the style NLM uses for its databases.

The Vancouver style of referencing is used by ICMJE participating journals. These include the British Medical Journal, Journal of the American Medical Association, The Medical Journal of Australia, the New England Journal of Medicine and The Lancet, among others.

There are variations among these publications in the numbering style of in-text citations, differences in the use of font—italics/bold/regular, several styles for referencing internet material, varied punctuation practices and so on. It is important to choose one style for a paper, and be consistent. Do not mix and match styles.

The examples of reference list entries provided in this resource are selected from the sample Vancouver style reference list on the NML web site, updated 15 June 2005. These examples are provided under a general permission from ICMJE for reproduction for educational and non-profit purposes. Examples are for the types of sources students commonly need to reference. Many more examples are available at the NLM web site.

A word of warning - you should always check your unit guide and/or with your academic staff (unit chair, lecturer or tutor) to make sure about the referencing requirements for each unit that you are undertaking.

Referencing and avoiding plagiarism

Your paper will present facts and conclusions based on those facts. It is necessary to reference the sources of your information. This establishes the authority of your work and acknowledges the researchers and writers you have drawn on in your paper.

You must reference all material you use from all sources and acknowledge your sources in the body of your paper each time you use a fact, a conclusion, an idea or a finding from someone’s work.

If you copy an entire table, chart, diagram or graph or if you take only some of the data contained in such sources, you must provide a reference. Similarly, if you copy a passage word for word, or if you rephrase a passage in your own words, you must acknowledge where you obtained it from.

Sources such as journals, books, encyclopedias, computer programs and software, information from the Internet, reports, newspapers, interviews, radio and television must be cited in the body of your paper and detailed in a reference list at the end. Information from Deakin study guides and readers must also be acknowledged.

Vancouver style

The Vancouver style consists of the following elements:

(1) citations in the body of the paper, using consecutive numbers in parentheses. Note that some journals use superscript (raised) numbers rather than numbers in parentheses.

(2) a numbered reference list at the end of the paper giving the details of each source referred to.

Part 1 of this resource deals with citing sources in the body of the paper.

Part 2 deals with how to present reference entries for some of the common types of sources that students are likely to use in their assignments.

Part 1: In-text citations

In-text citations are references provided in the body of a paper to each work cited - books, journal articles, reports, material from the Internet and the like. Consecutive numbers (either in parentheses or superscript) are used for the sources cited.

The same number is used for a source throughout a paper. This number is determined by the first citation of the source. So, for example, if a work is the fourth source cited in a paper, it will be referred to as (4) or by the superscript number 4 throughout that paper.

When two or more references appear at the same point in the text, the relevant numbers are separated by commas, e.g. (4, 7) or ^4,7 if using superscript. Three or more consecutive citations are joined by a hyphen, e.g. (4-7) or^4-7.

Reference numbers are usually placed outside full stops and commas, but journals vary in their practice.

The example that follows demonstrates the use of in-text citations. It is from the Uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals, updated February 2006, p.5.

An “author” is generally considered to be someone who has made substantive intellectual contributions to a published study, and biomedical authorship continues to have important academic, social, and financial implications. (1) In the past, readers were rarely provided with information about contributions to studies from those listed as authors and in acknowledgments. (2) Some journals now request …

Part 2: Reference list

The purpose of the reference list is to identify the sources cited in the paper so that readers can locate them. The reference list should appear at the end of the paper and provide the full bibliographic information about the sources cited. The list is arranged in numerical order, so readers can go from the number in the body of the paper to the full details of the source.

Initials follow the family names of authors and editors, with no space or full stops between the initials of an author, e.g. Halpern SD, Ubel PA, Caplan AL.
Commas are used to separate each author’s name. Note that ‘and’ is not used to separate the last two names.
Each entry is set flush against the left margin, and the number is followed by a full stop, as in the examples that follow.

Journal article

The following information is included for journal articles: author(s), article title, abbreviated journal title, year, month (if applicable), day (if applicable), volume number, issue number (if applicable), page numbers.

Minimal capitalisation is used for the article title, i.e. only the first word and words that normally would begin with a capital letter are capitalised.
Full stops are used after the last author’s initials, after the article title, after the abbreviated journal title and at the end of the entry.
The date is followed by a semicolon (with no space after it) and the volume number or issue number is followed by a colon (with no space after it).
Journal titles should be abbreviated according to the style used in Index Medicus. For the accepted abbreviations, consult the List of Journals Indexed for MEDLINE, which can be obtained from the NML web site
No punctuation is used in journal abbreviations, except a full stop at the end.
Months are abbreviated to the first three letters.
The page range is provided, i.e. the first and last page numbers of articles. The number of digits in the second part of the page range is limited to those needed for clarity, without repeating digits unnecessarily, e.g. 284-7 not 284-287.

One to six authors

For a journal article written by six or fewer authors, provide the names of all the authors.

1. Halpern SD, Ubel PA, Caplan AL. Solid-organ transplantation in HIV-infected patients. N Engl J Med. 2002 Jul 25;347(4):284-7.
1.	number
Halpern SD, Ubel PA, Caplan AL.	family names and initials of authors (note no ‘and’ separating last two names)
Solid-organ transplantation in HIV-infected patients.	article title
N Engl J Med.	journal title abbreviated
2002	year
Jul	month
25;	day
347	volume
(4):	issue
248-7.	page numbers

Continuous pagination

Many medical journals use continuous pagination, i.e. each issue does not begin at page 1, but the sequence of page numbers continues through all the issues that make up a volume. In journals that use continuous pagination, page numbers are sufficient to indicate the location of articles in volumes.

As an option, if a journal carries continuous pagination throughout a volume, the month and issue number may be omitted, as follows.

1. Halpern SD, Ubel PA, Caplan AL. Solid-organ transplantation in HIV-infected patients. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:284-7.
2002;	year
347:	volume
284-7.	page numbers

More than six authors

For a journal article written by more than six authors, list the first six authors followed by the phrase ‘et al’ meaning ‘and others’.

2. Rose ME, Huerbin MB, Melick J, Marion DW, Palmer AM, Schiding JK, et al. Regulation of interstitial excitatory amino acid concentrations after cortical contusion injury. Brain Res. 2002;935(1-2):40-6.
2.	number
Rose ME, Huerbin MB, Melick J, Marion DW, Palmer AM, Schiding JK,	family names and initials of first six authors
et al.	‘et al’ after sixth name
Regulation of interstitial excitatory amino acid concentrations after cortical contusion injury.	article title
Brain Res.	abbreviated journal title
2002;	year
935	volume
(1-2):	issue
40-6.	page numbers

Organisation as author

For a journal article that lists an organisation (rather than an individual) as an author, provide the name of the organisation in the author position.

3. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Hypertension, insulin, and proinsulin in participants with impaired glucose tolerance. Hypertension. 2002;40(5):679-86.
3.	number
Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group.	name of organisation
Hypertension, insulin, and proinsulin in participants with impaired glucose tolerance.	article title
Hypertension.	journal title
2002;	year
40	volume
(5):	issue
679-86.	page numbers

Book

When listing a book in a reference list, note the following points:

As for a journal article, for a book written by more than six authors, the names of the first six are provided, followed by the phrase ‘et al’.
If the author is an organisation, the organisation name is provided in the author position, as for a journal article.
Book titles, like journal article titles, use minimal capitalisation.
Edition number is provided only for second (or later) editions.
Full stops are used after the last author’s initials, after the book title, after the edition number (if provided) and at the end of the entry.
The city of publication is followed by a colon (with a space after it) and the publisher is followed by a semicolon (with a space after it).
A relatively unknown city/place of publication is followed by state or country abbreviation in parentheses, e.g. White Plains (NY).

Personal author(s)

The following information is included, in the following order: author(s), book title, edition number (if not the first), city, publisher, year.

4. Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Kobayashi GS, Pfaller MA. Medical microbiology. 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2002.
4.	number
Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Kobayashi GS, Pfaller MA.	family names and initials of authors
Medical microbiology.	book title
4th ed.	edition if not first
St. Louis:	city
Mosby;	publisher
2002.	year

Chapter in a book

In your assignments you may want to refer to an article, report or chapter in an edited book containing contributions by a number of writers. In this instance, you need to acknowledge the author(s) whose work you are citing with a number in parentheses (or a superscript number) at the relevant point in your paper, as you would for journal articles, books and other sources.

In the reference list entry you need to give the name of the author(s) you cited plus the chapter title and information about the publication in which the work appears. The following information is included: author(s) cited, chapter title, editor(s), title of the book in which the work appears, city, publisher, year, volume number (if applicable) and page numbers.

Follow the standard format for a book when presenting author, title, city and publisher of the book in which the chapter appears.
Minimal capitalisation is used for the chapter title, as for the book title.
The word ‘In’ is used to introduce the book in which the chapter appears.
The page range is provided, i.e. the first and last page numbers of the article, limited to those needed for clarity, without repeating digits unnecessarily.
Note that the letter p. (for ‘page’ or ‘pages’) is used for chapters in books. The letter p. is not used for page numbers of journal articles.

5. Meltzer PS, Kallioniemi A, Trent JM. Chromosome alterations in human solid tumors. In: Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW, editors. The genetic basis of human cancer. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2002. p. 93-113.
5.	number
Meltzer PS, Kallioniemi A, Trent JM.	family names and initials of authors
Chromosome alterations in human solid tumors.	title of chapter
In:	‘In’ introduces book in which chapter appears
Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW, editors	family names and initial(s) of editors
The genetic basis of human cancer.	book title
New York:	city
McGraw-Hill;	publisher
2002.	year
p. 93-113.	page numbers of chapter

Newspaper article

For a newspaper article, the following information is provided: author(s) if given, title of article, title of newspaper, year, month, day, section (if applicable), page or pages, column number.

Minimal capitalisation is used for the article title.
Maximal capitalisation is used for the newspaper title, i.e. all major words are capitalised.
Note the abbreviations: Sect. for section; col. for column; months are abbreviated to the first three letters.
The date is followed by a semicolon (with no space after it) and the section is followed by a colon (with no space after it).
Section may not always be applicable.

6. Tynan T. Medical improvements lower homicide rate: study sees drop in assault rate. The Washington Post. 2002 Aug 12;Sect. A:2 (col. 4).
6.	number
Tynan T.	family names and initial(s) of author
Medical improvements lower homicide rate: study sees drop in assault rate.	article title
The Washington Post.	newspaper title
2002	year
Aug	month
12;	day
Sect. A:	section
2	page number
(col. 4).	column

Audiovisual material

For referencing audiovisual material such as audiotapes, videocassettes, slides and films, follow the format for a book and indicate the medium, i.e. the type of material, in square brackets after the title.

Videocassette

7. Chason KW, Sallustio S. Hospital preparedness for bioterrorism [videocassette]. Secaucus (NJ): Network for Continuing Medical Education; 2002.
7.	number
Chason KW, Sallustio S.	family names and initial(s) of author
Hospital preparedness for bioterrorism	title of video
[videocassette].	medium
Secaucus	place of publication
(NJ):	state (abbreviated) for relatively unknown place
Network for Continuing Medical Education;	publisher
2002.	year

Electronic material

CD-ROM

For referencing a CD-ROM, follow the format for a book and indicate the medium in square brackets after the title, i.e. [CD-ROM].

8. Anderson SC, Poulsen KB. Anderson’s electronic atlas of hematology [CD-ROM]. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002.
8.	number
Anderson SC, Poulsen KB.	family names and initials of authors
Anderson’s electronic atlas of hematology	title of CD-ROM
[CD-ROM].	medium
Philadelphia:	city
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;	publisher
2002.	year

Journal article on the Internet

To reference a journal article published on the Internet, provide the bibliographic details as for a print journal, with the following additions:

After the abbreviated journal title, provide a description of the material, i.e. indicate that it is an electronic journal with the words [serial on the Internet] in square brackets.
Add the date you cited the material, providing year, month (abbreviated) and day in square brackets, with no punctuation marks, followed by a semicolon, e.g. [cited 2002 Aug 12];
After the volume and issue number, provide an indication of the number of pages or the number of screens in square brackets, e.g. [about 3 p.].
Use the phrase ‘Available from:’ followed by the URL (web address).

9. Abood S. Quality improvement initiative in nursing homes: the ANA acts in an advisory role. Am J Nurs [serial on the Internet]. 2002 Jun [cited 2002 Aug 12];102(6):[about 3 p.]. Available from: http://www.nursingworld.org/AJN/2002/june/Wawatch.htm.
9.	number
Abood S.	family names and initial(s) of author
Quality improvement initiative in nursing homes: the ANA acts in an advisory role.	title of article
Am J Nurs	abbreviated journal title
[serial on the Internet].	description
2002	year
Jun	month (if available)
[cited 2002 Aug 12];	date cited
102	volume
(6):	issue
[about 3 p.].	number of pages (or screens)
Available from: http://www.nursingworld.org/AJN/2002/june/Wawatch.htm.	URL

Homepage/web site

For referencing a homepage/web site it is necessary to provide the title of the homepage/web site and a description of the source in square brackets, e.g. [homepage on the Internet]. Headquarters (city) of the organisation and the name of the organisation should be provided, together with the copyright date or span of dates. The date of update and the date the material was cited should be given in square brackets. The URL is provided after the phrase ‘Available from:’

10. Cancer-Pain.org [homepage on the Internet]. New York: Association of Cancer Online Resources, Inc.; c2000-01 [updated 2002 May 16; cited 2002 Jul 9]. Available from: http://www.cancer-pain.org/.
10.	number
Cancer-Pain.org	homepage name
[homepage on the Internet].	description
New York:	headquarters
Association of Cancer Online Resources, Inc.;	organisation name
c2000-01	copyright date(s)
[updated 2002 May 16;	update
cited 2002 Jul 9].	date cited
Available from: http://www.cancer-pain.org/.	URL

Note that standards for referencing material from the Internet are still being developed. You will see certain variations in the referencing of online materials among journals that use the Vancouver style, just as there are slight differences in their referencing of print sources.

It is important to be consistent in referencing sources within a paper, and to maintain as much style consistency as possible between the referencing of print and online sources.

Sample reference list

Set out below is a reference list in the Vancouver style using the examples provided in this resource.

……………………………

References

1. Halpern SD, Ubel PA, Caplan AL. Solid-organ transplantation in HIV-infected patients. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:284-7.

2. Rose ME, Huerbin MB, Melick J, Marion DW, Palmer AM, Schiding JK, et al. Regulation of interstitial excitatory amino acid concentrations after cortical contusion injury. Brain Res. 2002;935(1-2):40-6.

3. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Hypertension, insulin, and proinsulin in participants with impaired glucose tolerance. Hypertension. 2002;40(5):679-86.

4. Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Kobayashi GS, Pfaller MA. Medical microbiology. 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2002.

5. Meltzer PS, Kallioniemi A, Trent JM. Chromosome alterations in human solid tumors. In: Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW, editors. The genetic basis of human cancer. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2002. p. 93-113.

6. Tynan T. Medical improvements lower homicide rate: study sees drop in assault rate. The Washington Post. 2002 Aug 12;Sect. A:2 (col. 4).

7. Chason KW, Sallustio S. Hospital preparedness for bioterrorism [videocassette]. Secaucus (NJ): Network for Continuing Medical Education; 2002.

8. Anderson SC, Poulsen KB. Anderson’s electronic atlas of hematology [CD-ROM]. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002.

9. Abood S. Quality improvement initiative in nursing homes: the ANA acts in an advisory role. Am J Nurs [serial on the Internet]. 2002 Jun [cited 2002 Aug 12];102(6):[about 3 p.]. Available from: http://www.nursingworld.org/AJN/2002/june/Wawatch.htm.

10. Cancer-Pain.org [homepage on the Internet]. New York: Association of Cancer Online Resources, Inc.; c2000-01 [updated 2002 May 16; cited 2002 Jul 9]. Available from: http://www.cancer-pain.org/.

Useful resources

For more examples of how to reference a range of resources according to the Vancouver style (Uniform requirements) refer to the NLM web site , where forty-one examples are provided.